Not in Charge

The Intertestamental Period, often referred to as the “silent years,” is a significant era in biblical history, marking the time between the Old and New Testaments. From a Protestant perspective, this period lacked the inspiration of biblical writings. Yet it was rich in historical and political transitions which had profound impacts on the Jewish people and that prepared the way for the coming of Christ. It is a reminder that God is always working even in times when it seems like he isn’t or feels far away.

Persian Rule

The political context of the Intertestamental Period begins with Persian rule. At the close of the Old Testament, the Persians were the dominant power, overseeing a vast empire that included the Jewish people. Despite the dominance of the Persians in the world, their rule was relatively benign. They allowed a large degree of religious freedom, enabling the Jewish people to practice their faith and live in accordance with Scripture. This period underscores the theme of God’s sovereignty and the perseverance of the Jewish faith despite political subjugation. 

Greek Rule

However, the tranquility under the Persians was replaced by strife under Greek rule. Alexander the Great’s victory over the Persians in 332 BCE marked a dramatic shift in power. The sweeping conquests of Alexander spread Hellenistic culture and influence, including among the Jewish people. After Alexander’s premature death, his empire was divided among his four generals, resulting in a period of political instability and fragmentation. The Jewish people found themselves under one then another of Alexander's successors, which led to internal divisions, cultural assimilation, and religious persecution. During the Greek reign, the Jews faced challenges to their faith and identity. If they had completely assimilated, they would have faded away as a people. God raised up individuals in this period who helped them maintain their keeping of Scripture despite external pressures and adversity.

Roman Rule

The Greek era was eventually succeeded by Roman rule, another significant transition that further altered the political and religious landscape. Approximately 60 years before the birth of Christ, the Romans seized control, introducing a period known as the Pax Romana, or Roman Peace. Despite the relative peace and stability (and the development of extensive infrastructure including roads), Roman rule was marked by the consolidation of power and the imposition of Roman laws and governance. The Jewish people, dispersed throughout the Roman Empire, continued to experience challenges in practicing their faith freely and autonomously.

Insights from Israel’s Experience

From this intricate political tapestry, important insights can be gleaned regarding Israel’s experience in serving God under foreign rule. Despite the absence of political autonomy and the continual shifts in power, the Jewish people’s relationship with God remained a central and unyielding aspect of their identity and existence. This period highlights the strength and endurance of faith in the face of political uncertainty and oppression. The Jewish Law, the Temple, and the priesthood were what held them together.

The Intertestamental Period might not have involved new biblical texts, but God remained the same and those who genuinely served him remained his people. A remnant of God’s true people remained. This period was filled with the lived experiences of a people holding steadfast to the Law despite being under political subjugation. It serves as a profound testament to the enduring connection between God and his people, a bond that transcends who might be in charge in the world.